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PHY.1 1. Ray Optics
- Mirror Formula: 1/v + 1/u = 1/f
- Lens Maker's Formula: 1/f = (μ - 1)(1/R1 - 1/R2)
- Snell's Law: μ1 sin(i) = μ2 sin(r)
- Magnification (Lens): m = v/u = f / (f + u)
PHY.2 2. Current Electricity
- Ohm's Law: V = IR
- Drift Velocity: vd = eEτ/m
- Resistance: R = ρ(L/A)
- Power: P = VI = I²R = V²/R
- Kirchhoff's Laws: KCL (ΣI = 0) and KVL (ΣV = 0).
PHY.3 3. Semiconductor Electronics
- Mass Action Law: ni² = ne * nh
- Current in Semiconductor: I = Ie + Ih
- Transistor Current: IE = IB + IC
- Alpha & Beta relation: β = α / (1 - α)
PHY.4 4. Thermodynamics
- 1st Law: ΔQ = ΔU + ΔW
- Work Done (Isobaric): W = PΔV
- Efficiency of Carnot Engine: η = 1 - (T2/T1)
- Molar Specific Heat Relation: Cp - Cv = R
PHY.5 5. Electrostatics
- Coulomb's Law: F = (1/4πε0) * (q1q2/r²)
- Electric Field: E = F/q
- Capacitance: C = Q/V, Parallel Plate: C = ε0A/d
- Energy in Capacitor: U = (1/2)CV² = Q²/(2C)
PHY.6 6. Magnetic Effects of Current
- Biot-Savart Law: dB = (μ0/4π) * (I dl sinθ/r²)
- Magnetic Field (Straight Wire): B = (μ0I)/(2πr)
- Force on moving charge: F = q(v × B)
- Force on current wire: F = ILB sinθ
PHY.7 7. Dual Nature of Radiation & Matter
- Einstein's Photoelectric Equation: K_max = hν - Φ
- De Broglie Wavelength: λ = h/p = h/√(2mK)
- Photon Energy: E = hν = hc/λ
PHY.8 8. Work, Energy & Power
- Work Done: W = F·S = F S cosθ
- Kinetic Energy: K = 1/2 mv² = p²/(2m)
- Work-Energy Theorem: W_net = ΔK
- Power: P = W/t = F·v
PHY.9 9. System of Particles & Rotation
- Center of Mass: X_cm = (m1x1 + m2x2)/(m1+m2)
- Torque: τ = r × F = Iα
- Angular Momentum: L = r × p = Iω
- Rotational Kinetic Energy: K = 1/2 Iω²
PHY.10 10. Gravitation
- Newton's Law: F = G(m1m2/r²)
- Acceleration due to gravity: g = GM/R²
- Escape Velocity: ve = √(2GM/R) = √(2gR)
- Orbital Velocity: vo = √(GM/R)