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CHEM.1 1. Mole Concept & Basic Concepts
- Number of Moles (n): n = Given Mass / Molar Mass = N / N_A
- Molarity (M): M = Moles of solute / Volume of solution (L)
- Molality (m): m = Moles of solute / Mass of solvent (kg)
- Mole Fraction (x): x_A = n_A / (n_A + n_B)
CHEM.2 2. Chemical Thermodynamics
- First Law: ΔU = q + w (IUPAC convention: w = -PΔV)
- Enthalpy: H = U + PV or ΔH = ΔU + Δn_gRT
- Gibbs Free Energy: ΔG = ΔH - TΔS
- Spontaneity: ΔG < 0 (Spontaneous), ΔG = 0 (Equilibrium)
CHEM.3 3. Equilibrium
- Equilibrium Constant: K_p = K_c(RT)^{Δn}
- pH Formula: pH = -log[H+]
- Ionic Product of Water: K_w = [H+][OH-] = 10^{-14} at 298K
- Henderson-Hasselbalch (Buffer): pH = pK_a + log([Salt]/[Acid])
CHEM.4 4. Chemical Bonding
- Formal Charge: FC = V - L - (S/2)
- Dipole Moment: μ = q × d
- Hybridization: sp (Linear), sp² (Trigonal Planar), sp³ (Tetrahedral)
- Bond Order: BO = 1/2 (N_b - N_a)
CHEM.5 5. Electrochemistry
- Nernst Equation: E_cell = E°_cell - (0.0591/n) log Q
- Standard Cell Potential: E°_cell = E°_cathode - E°_anode
- Gibbs Energy & Cell Potential: ΔG° = -nFE°_cell
- Faraday's 1st Law: W = ZIt
CHEM.6 6. Solutions
- Raoult's Law: P_A = P°_A × x_A
- Elevation in Boiling Point: ΔT_b = i × K_b × m
- Depression in Freezing Point: ΔT_f = i × K_f × m
- Osmotic Pressure: π = iCRT
CHEM.7 7. Coordination Compounds
- Effective Atomic Number (EAN): EAN = Z - Oxidation State + 2(Coordination No.)
- Crystal Field Splitting (Δo): Strong field ligands pair electrons (low spin), Weak field ligands don't pair (high spin).
- Magnetic Moment: μ = √(n(n+2)) BM where n = unpaired electrons.
CHEM.8 8. Hydrocarbons
- Alkanes: C_nH_{2n+2} (Saturated, Free Radical Substitution)
- Alkenes: C_nH_{2n} (Electrophilic Addition, Markovnikov's Rule)
- Alkynes: C_nH_{2n-2} (Acidic Hydrogen in terminal alkynes)
- Benzene: Aromatic (Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution)
CHEM.9 9. General Organic Chemistry (GOC)
- Inductive Effect (I-effect): Electron withdrawal/donation via sigma bonds.
- Resonance (M-effect): Delocalization of pi electrons.
- Hyperconjugation: No-bond resonance stabilizing carbocations/alkenes.
- Carbocation Stability: 3° > 2° > 1° > Methyl
CHEM.10 10. Aldehydes, Ketones & Carboxylic Acids
- Aldol Condensation: Needs alpha-hydrogen, dilute base.
- Cannizzaro Reaction: No alpha-hydrogen, conc. base (oxidation-reduction).
- Clemmensen Reduction: >C=O + Zn-Hg/HCl → >CH2
- Wolf-Kishner Reduction: >C=O + NH2NH2/KOH → >CH2