Complete Excretory Products & Their Elimination Question Bank & Solutions (24 Questions)
Q1 of 24
NEET NCERT Line-by-Line
The most toxic nitrogenous waste, needing the most water to excrete, is:
(A)
Urea
(B)
Uric acid
(C)
Ammonia
(D)
Creatinine
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Correct Answer: (C) Ammonia
Ammonia is the most toxic and is excreted with large amounts of water (ammonotelism).
Q2 of 24
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Birds and reptiles are uricotelic, meaning they excrete:
(A)
Ammonia
(B)
Urea
(C)
Uric acid
(D)
Amino acids
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Correct Answer: (C) Uric acid
Uric acid is excreted as a paste/pellet, conserving water — typical of birds, reptiles and insects.
Q3 of 24
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Mammals are ureotelic; urea is produced mainly in the:
(A)
Kidney
(B)
Liver
(C)
Spleen
(D)
Lungs
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Correct Answer: (B) Liver
The liver converts ammonia to the less toxic urea, which the kidneys then excrete.
Q4 of 24
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The functional unit of the kidney is the:
(A)
Neuron
(B)
Nephron
(C)
Alveolus
(D)
Sarcomere
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Correct Answer: (B) Nephron
Each kidney has more than a million nephrons that form urine.
Q5 of 24
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The glomerulus is supplied with blood by the ____ and drained by the ____ arteriole.
(A)
efferent; afferent
(B)
afferent; efferent
(C)
renal; hepatic
(D)
afferent; renal
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Correct Answer: (B) afferent; efferent
Blood enters the glomerular tuft via the afferent arteriole and leaves by the efferent arteriole.
Q6 of 24
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The Malpighian body (renal corpuscle) consists of:
(A)
PCT + DCT
(B)
Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule
(C)
Loop of Henle + vasa recta
(D)
Collecting duct + calyx
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Correct Answer: (B) Glomerulus + Bowman's capsule
The glomerulus enclosed in Bowman's capsule forms the Malpighian body.
Q7 of 24
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Extensions of the cortex between the medullary pyramids are called:
(A)
Calyces
(B)
Columns of Bertini
(C)
Renal pelvis
(D)
Hilum
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Correct Answer: (B) Columns of Bertini
The cortical tissue dipping between pyramids forms the renal columns (columns of Bertini).
Q8 of 24
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The Glomerular Filtration Rate (GFR) in a healthy person is about:
(A)
18 L/day
(B)
125 mL/min
(C)
1.5 L/min
(D)
500 mL/day
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Correct Answer: (B) 125 mL/min
GFR ≈ 125 mL/min, which is about 180 litres of filtrate per day.
Q9 of 24
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Glomerular filtration is also called ultrafiltration because:
(A)
Only water passes
(B)
Everything except blood proteins is filtered
(C)
Only glucose passes
(D)
Cells are filtered out
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Correct Answer: (B) Everything except blood proteins is filtered
The fine filtration retains proteins and cells but lets the rest pass into the capsule.
Q10 of 24
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Which enzyme is released by the juxtaglomerular cells?
(A)
Carbonic anhydrase
(B)
Renin
(C)
Pepsin
(D)
Trypsin
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Correct Answer: (B) Renin
A fall in GFR makes JG cells secrete renin, triggering the RAAS.
Q11 of 24
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Approximately what fraction of the glomerular filtrate is reabsorbed?
(A)
50%
(B)
75%
(C)
99%
(D)
10%
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Correct Answer: (C) 99%
About 99% of the 180 L filtered is reabsorbed, leaving only ~1.5 L of urine.
Q12 of 24
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Glucose and amino acids are almost completely reabsorbed in the:
(A)
Collecting duct
(B)
PCT
(C)
Ascending loop of Henle
(D)
DCT
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Correct Answer: (B) PCT
The proximal convoluted tubule reabsorbs nearly all glucose, amino acids and most ions and water.
Q13 of 24
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The ascending limb of Henle's loop is:
(A)
Permeable to water
(B)
Impermeable to water but lets electrolytes out
(C)
Site of glucose reabsorption
(D)
Where filtration occurs
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Correct Answer: (B) Impermeable to water but lets electrolytes out
Its impermeability to water (with electrolyte transport) helps build the medullary gradient.
Q14 of 24
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The counter-current mechanism is produced by the:
(A)
PCT and DCT
(B)
Loop of Henle and vasa recta
(C)
Glomerulus and Bowman's capsule
(D)
Bladder and ureter
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Correct Answer: (B) Loop of Henle and vasa recta
The loop of Henle (multiplier) and vasa recta (exchanger) run in opposite directions.
Q15 of 24
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The osmolarity in the inner medulla is maintained at about:
(A)
300 mOsmol/L
(B)
600 mOsmol/L
(C)
1200 mOsmol/L
(D)
100 mOsmol/L
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Correct Answer: (C) 1200 mOsmol/L
A gradient from ~300 (cortex) to ~1200 mOsmol/L (inner medulla) allows concentrated urine.
Q16 of 24
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ADH (vasopressin) acts to:
(A)
Increase urine volume
(B)
Increase water reabsorption from the distal parts
(C)
Stop filtration
(D)
Release renin
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Correct Answer: (B) Increase water reabsorption from the distal parts
ADH promotes water reabsorption, preventing diuresis when the body is dehydrated.
Q17 of 24
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Angiotensin II raises blood pressure and also stimulates release of:
(A)
Renin
(B)
Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
(C)
ADH from the liver
(D)
Insulin
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Correct Answer: (B) Aldosterone from the adrenal cortex
Angiotensin II triggers aldosterone, which boosts Na⁺ and water reabsorption (RAAS).
Q18 of 24
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Atrial Natriuretic Factor (ANF) is released when:
(A)
Blood pressure falls
(B)
Blood pressure rises
(C)
GFR falls
(D)
Body is dehydrated
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Correct Answer: (B) Blood pressure rises
A rise in BP makes the atrial wall release ANF, causing vasodilation and a fall in BP.
Q19 of 24
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Micturition is the:
(A)
Formation of urine
(B)
Filtration of blood
(C)
Release of urine from the bladder
(D)
Reabsorption of water
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Correct Answer: (C) Release of urine from the bladder
Bladder stretch triggers a CNS reflex contracting the bladder and relaxing the sphincter to release urine.
Q20 of 24
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Normal human urine is:
(A)
Strongly alkaline
(B)
Pale yellow and slightly acidic
(C)
Colourless and neutral
(D)
Green and basic
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Correct Answer: (B) Pale yellow and slightly acidic
Urine is typically pale yellow, slightly acidic, with ~25–30 g urea excreted daily.
Q21 of 24
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Presence of glucose and ketone bodies in urine may indicate:
(A)
Anaemia
(B)
Diabetes mellitus
(C)
Asthma
(D)
Tetany
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Correct Answer: (B) Diabetes mellitus
Glucosuria and ketonuria are clinical indicators of diabetes mellitus.
Q22 of 24
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During haemodialysis, blood is mixed with ____ to prevent clotting.
(A)
aldosterone
(B)
heparin
(C)
renin
(D)
bile
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Correct Answer: (B) heparin
Heparin (anticoagulant) is added; anti-heparin is added before the cleared blood is returned.
Q23 of 24
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Inflammation of the glomeruli of the kidney is called:
(A)
Uremia
(B)
Renal calculi
(C)
Glomerulonephritis
(D)
Cystitis
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Correct Answer: (C) Glomerulonephritis
Glomerulonephritis is inflammation of the glomeruli; renal calculi are kidney stones.
Q24 of 24
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Which organ removes the largest amount of CO₂ from the body?
(A)
Skin
(B)
Liver
(C)
Lungs
(D)
Kidney
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Correct Answer: (C) Lungs
The lungs eliminate large amounts of CO₂ (~200 mL/min) as well as water vapour.