Question 1

Define breathing (respiration in this chapter)

Accepted Answer

The process of exchanging O₂ from the atmosphere with the CO₂ produced by cells; it occurs in two phases — inspiration and expiration.

Question 2

General body surface respiration — examples

Accepted Answer

Direct diffusion across the moist body surface; seen in lower invertebrates such as sponges, coelenterates and flatworms.

Question 3

Respiratory structures across animal groups

Accepted Answer

Body surface (sponges, flatworms), moist skin / cuticle (earthworms), tracheal tubes (insects), gills/branchial (fishes, prawns) and lungs/pulmonary (terrestrial vertebrates).

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