Key differences, features, and comparative analysis of Item and Value / Formula.
| Item | Value / Formula |
|---|---|
| Net primary productivity | NPP = GPP − R |
| Units of primary PRODUCTION | g m−2 or kcal m−2 |
| Units of PRODUCTIVITY | g m−2 yr−1 or kcal m−2 yr−1 |
| PAR in incident solar radiation | less than 50% |
| PAR captured by plants | 2–10% |
| Sunlight converted to NPP (ideal energy pyramid) | ~1% |
| Energy transfer between trophic levels | 10% law |
| Annual NPP of the biosphere | ~170 billion tons (dry weight) |
| Annual NPP of the oceans | 55 billion tons |
| Ocean share of Earth's surface | ~70% |
| Grassland pyramid of numbers | ~6 million plants support 3 top carnivores |
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